Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography   总被引：62，自引：0，他引：62  

Michael F. Goodchild 《GeoJournal》2007,69(4):211-221

In recent months there has been an explosion of interest in using the Web to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic information provided voluntarily by individuals. Sites such as Wikimapia and OpenStreetMap are empowering citizens to create a global patchwork of geographic information, while Google Earth and other virtual globes are encouraging volunteers to develop interesting applications using their own data. I review this phenomenon, and examine associated issues: what drives people to do this, how accurate are the results, will they threaten individual privacy, and how can they augment more conventional sources? I compare this new phenomenon to more traditional citizen science and the role of the amateur in geographic observation.  相似文献   

Fuzzy Modeling for Reserve Estimation Based on Spatial Variability   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bulent Tutmez  A. Erhan Tercan  Uzay Kaymak 《Mathematical Geology》2007,39(1):87-111

This article addresses a new reserve estimation method which uses fuzzy modeling algorithms and estimates the reserve parameters based on spatial variability. The proposed fuzzy modeling approach has three stages: (1) Structure identification and preliminary clustering, (2) Variogram analysis, and (3) Clustering based rule system. A new clustering index approach and a new spatial measure function (point semimadogram) are proposed in the paper. The developed methodology uses spatial variability in each step and takes the fuzzy rules from input-output data. The model has been tested using both simulated and real data sets. The performance evaluation indicates that the new methodology can be applied in reserve estimation and similar modeling problems  相似文献   

塔里木河流域白杨农田防护林蒸散量估算模型     

李岳坦  胡顺军  李新虎  李修仓 《干旱区地理》2007,30(1):115-120

以水面蒸发量为基础,利用多年的白杨农田防护林试验资料,建立了塔里木河流域白杨农田防护林蒸散量的两种估算模型,并利用白杨林实际蒸散量的测量值,分别对两种模型进行了验证。结果表明,从总体上来说,模型(Ⅰ)计算精度较高,但两种模型的相对误差都不是很大,都可以作为计算塔里木河流域白杨农田防护林蒸散量的方法而使用,但要根据具体情况加以应用。  相似文献   

基于遥感影像的城市森林分类提取及生态价值估算研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

柳晶辉  邵芸  黄初冬 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(4):33-36

以北京通州新城区城市森林为研究对象,提出一种基于信息论的决策树分类方法,以提取Aster遥感影像中城市森林平面量,改善传统分类方法仅利用影像光谱特征信息的不足,高分辨率影像和地面调查数据验证显示其分类精度达84.6%.结合分类影像图,引入城市森林生态价值评估模型(CITYgreen模型)估算出通州新城区森林的生态价值约为598.87万美元.研究表明,该方法适合大面积区域的城市森林分类提取及其生态价值估算.  相似文献   

高分辨率遥感影像在岩墙地质体信息提取中的应用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张自力  秦其明  曹宝  张玉虎  李百寿 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(3):15-18

高分辨率遥感影像可明显表现地物的几何结构和纹理特征,从而使得在较小空间尺度上观察地物细节变化、进行大比例尺遥感制图成为可能。利用高分辨率QuickBird遥感影像,对新疆巴楚县麻扎尔塔格山地区的岩墙进行计算机辅助地质解译,共获得1227条岩墙。结合GIS空间分析方法获得了解译岩墙长度、走向分布等特征。结果表明:该地区76%的解译岩墙走向为NNW(135°~180°);QuickBird能够满足1∶2.5万地质调查的要求;通过地质分析综合解译结果获得了麻扎尔塔格岩体内部存在发育岩墙、岩墙形成应晚于内部的正长岩体的新认识。探讨并验证了高分辨率遥感影像在中小规模地质体解译中的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   

Bayesian data fusion in a spatial prediction context: a general formulation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

P. Bogaert  D. Fasbender 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(6):695-709

In spite of the exponential growth in the amount of data that one may expect to provide greater modeling and predictions opportunities, the number and diversity of sources over which this information is fragmented is growing at an even faster rate. As a consequence, there is real need for methods that aim at reconciling them inside an epistemically sound theoretical framework. In a statistical spatial prediction framework, classical methods are based on a multivariate approach of the problem, at the price of strong modeling hypotheses. Though new avenues have been recently opened by focusing on the integration of uncertain data sources, to the best of our knowledges there have been no systematic attemps to explicitly account for information redundancy through a data fusion procedure. Starting from the simple concept of measurement errors, this paper proposes an approach for integrating multiple information processing as a part of the prediction process itself through a Bayesian approach. A general formulation is first proposed for deriving the prediction distribution of a continuous variable of interest at unsampled locations using on more or less uncertain (soft) information at neighboring locations. The case of multiple information is then considered, with a Bayesian solution to the problem of fusing multiple information that are provided as separate conditional probability distributions. Well-known methods and results are derived as limit cases. The convenient hypothesis of conditional independence is discussed by the light of information theory and maximum entropy principle, and a methodology is suggested for the optimal selection of the most informative subset of information, if needed. Based on a synthetic case study, an application of the methodology is presented and discussed.  相似文献   

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK     

W. R. OSTERKAMP J. R. GRAY J. B. LARONNE J. R. MARTIN 《国际泥沙研究》2007,22(3):238-246

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.  相似文献   

谈网络环境下图书情报工作     

马凤霞 《山西地震》2007,(4):43-44

文中提出了在网络环境下要逐步实现图书情报的信息化、标准化、自动化和专业化。同时,图书情报工作人员要转变观念,树立新的服务理念,发挥图书情报在地震事业中的作用。  相似文献   

Inferred ground motions on Guadeloupe during the 2004 Les Saintes earthquake     

John Douglas 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2007,5(3):363-376

Accurate estimates of the ground motions that occurred during damaging earthquakes are a vital part of many aspects of earthquake engineering, such as the study of the size and cause of the uncertainties within earthquake risk assessments. This article compares a number of methods to estimate the ground shaking that occurred on Guadeloupe (French Antilles) during the 21st November 2004 (M _w 6.3) Les Saintes earthquake, with the aim of providing more accurate shaking estimates for the investigation of the sources of uncertainties within loss evaluations, based on damage data from this event. The various techniques make differing use of the available ground-motion recordings of this earthquake and by consequence the estimates obtained by the different approaches are associated with differing uncertainties. Ground motions on the French Antilles are affected by strong local site effects, which have been extensively investigated in previous studies. In this article, use is made of these studies in order to improve the shaking estimates. It is shown that the simple methods neglecting the spatial correlation of earthquake shaking lead to uncertainties similar to those predicted by empirical ground-motion models and that these are uniform across the whole of Guadeloupe. In contrast, methods (such as the ShakeMap approach) that take account of the spatial correlation in motions demonstrate that shaking within roughly 10 km of a recording station (covering a significant portion of the investigated area) can be defined with reasonable accuracy but that motions at more distant points are not well constrained.  相似文献   

Use of variograms for field magnetometry analysis in Upper Silesia Industrial Region     

J. Zawadzki  P. Fabijańczyk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2007,51(4):535-550

Measurements of topsoil magnetic susceptibility are often used for quick assessment of soil contamination of anthropogenic origin, with heavy metals or other pollutants. However, because of complicated correlations between low-field magnetic susceptibility (shortened to magnetic susceptibility) of topsoil and soil pollution, the outcome of a field magnetometry survey can not be related directly to soil pollution. For each case study, the results should be interpreted on their own taking into account not only the type of pollution but also pedogenic, biogenic and environmental factors. In practice, it is very difficult to measure and consider all these factors. Here we illustrate the merit of geostatistical methods, which are focused on the spatial variability of a phenomenon, in the interpretation of soil magnetometry results. This article presents the analysis of spatial variability of top soil layers magnetic susceptibility-within the Upper Silesia Industrial Region (USIR)-using semivariance analysis. It also explains how to adjust the sampling density of field magnetometry measurements to spatial variability of the soil pollution as well as to the spatial scale of the investigated area. For this purpose, the values of magnetic susceptibility have been measured by using various sampling densities at areas of different size located within USIR. This enabled to determine the main scales of magnetic susceptibility spatial variability of soils within USIR using semivariance. A few distinct scales of variability were found from the site scale to a more regional scale. Variability ranges of 30 km, 12 km, and 5 km refer to the large regional scale, whereas smaller ranges of few hundreds down to a few tens of meters, can be attributed to the local (site) scale. In addition, the precision of the measuring campaigns, performed within USIR with different sampling densities, was compared through the analysis of the spatial variability of the soil magnetic susceptibility signal by using ordinary kriging. jarek97@yahoo.com, piotr.fabijanczyk@is.pw.edu.pl  相似文献